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TMI Staff & Contributors

Turbomachinery International’s Handbook

 has arrived. This issue is packed with market forecasts—for the power industry as a whole and gas turbines specifically—an expert from ETN Global’s market report on decentralized energy systems, a roundup of our coverage from Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia (TPS) 2024, and insights from our columnists: Turbo Tips and Myth Busters. The 2025 Handbook also includes a category index, a comprehensive directory, and equipment specifications.

The 2024 elections are weighing heavy on the power industry and companies that own and operate power generation assets. Although President Biden pushed many energy and environmental initiatives—including a zero-carbon power sector by 2035—Britt Burt and Brock Ramey, authors of our cover story, 

, make a strong supporting case that the United States is indeed not on “a one-way trip to a carbon-free electric future.”

The duo breaks down the power industry sectors: coal, natural gas, renewables, nuclear, microgrids, batteries, and beyond. With political uncertainty, delays in the planned retirement of coal-fired generators, record summer temperatures, and AI data centers skyrocketing electricity demands, Burt and Ramey expect 2025 - 2029 to be “extraordinarily choppy for the new-build U.S. power industry and those who service generators.”

Carter Palmer lays out the global gas turbine market for 2025, which he says is stable and will remain so among factors such as hydrogen, digitalization, and renewable energy. He says gas turbines offer a promising avenue for decarbonization through their adaptability to hydrogen fuel. However, the transition involves significant challenges, including adjustments to control systems, safety concerns, and economic considerations. In terms of digitalization, operators can gain valuable insights into turbine performance and health by utilizing sensors, data analytics, and artificial intelligence.

The integration of digital technologies is revolutionizing the operation and maintenance of gas turbines. - Carter Palmer

Giuseppe Tilocca, Scientific Officer at ETN Global, offers another perspective on gas turbines. Our Q&A conversation examines the association’s global report, 

Decentralized Energy Systems: Toward Carbon-Neutral Energy Solutions for Gas Turbines

, which compares decentralized systems to centralized heat and power units and highlights its advantages—including modularity, the possibility to exploit waste heat avoiding energy transmission losses, and reducing energy distribution costs. 

Listen to our editor’s podcast conversation with Tilocca here

TPS 2024 was a spotlight for emerging technologies. It tackled the latest challenges, solutions, and technologies in the turbomachinery industry. Our roundup show report gives readers a snapshot of our onsite reporting. Check out our comprehensive coverage, including session overviews, Q&As, video interviews, and more on our 

Challenges with Dry Gas Seals for Turbocompressors

, concludes that compressor seal systems are the most common culprit of unscheduled shutdowns. Check out the column to find out more. Additionally, the Myth Busters close out their two-part series on compressor maps and address the two extremes: surge and choke. Hear Klaus Brun and Rainer Kurz discuss compressor maps in 

Articles

The 2025 Handbook includes a comprehensive outlook of the power industry and gas turbine market as well as an industry-wide directory and specifications listings.

Turbomachinery International: 2025 Handbook

examines the evolution of the global energy landscape and how recent projections and industry updates highlight the dynamic shifts within the natural gas sector. The Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis estimates that LNG production capacity will increase by 40% in the next five years—the fastest capacity growth in the history of the global LNG industry. Our cover story—

The Global LNG Market: The Rise of LNG Production

—takes a deep dive into the global LNG market, including trends, newsworthy happenings, and commentary from a few industry folks on the market and the recent halt to the Department of Energy’s LNG export pause.

In tandem with our cover story on LNG is a Product Spotlight that introduces Baker Hughes’ modular LNG solution for mid-scale gas liquefaction: NMBL. In contrast to traditional large-scale liquefaction plants, mid-scale solutions based on multiple smaller modular trains represent an important innovation for the industry. Other innovations are discussed in our show report from Turbo Expo 2024. Speakers and panelists weigh in on the role of gas turbines in a sustainable energy future as new fuels are introduced, technology gaps are satisfied, and market dynamics are considered. To look back at our complete coverage, visit 

Also in this issue, Abdullah Sofiany from Aramco lays out several case studies demonstrating how machine learning techniques offer real-time anomaly detection that proactively identifies potential failures in turbomachinery. “The introduction of machine learning algorithms offers a promising solution to enhance predictive maintenance strategies and mitigate the shortcomings of conventional monitoring approaches,” Sofiany said. “By leveraging real-time operational data and advanced analytics, machine learning models can accurately identify subtle deviations in vibration patterns, even below alarm thresholds, enabling early detection of developing anomalies.”

Modernization for Ammonia Syngas Trains with Steam Turbine Drives

, Siemens Energy shares insights into the modernization of syngas trains at ammonia plants. As these plants age—many in the United States are older than 50 years—modernizing syngas trains is vital due to their significant impact on overall plant efficiency, production capacity, and operating expenses.

Amin Almasi tackles compressors with side streams, a challenging class of turbomachines, as he says, in his bi-monthly column 

. And in part one of the Myth Busters’ two-part column on centrifugal compressor maps, the duo covers the basic physics of constant speed head-flow performance lines. I hope you have a great autumn.

Click here to view the September/October 2024 issue

The September/October 2024 issue highlights the dynamic shifts in the global LNG market that are affecting exports, production, capacity growth, and more.

Turbomachinery International: September/October 2024

Turbomachinery International spoke to Klaus Brun, Ph.D., the Director of Research and Development at Ebara Elliott, at Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia (TPS) 2024 in Houston. He shared insight into Elliott Group’s rebranding under Ebara Corp. and how the new entity will tackle industry challenges with an upcoming portfolio of sustainability-focused products.

“Elliott, like any other company in our industry, must follow what our customers do and what our market does. We’ve seen a significant transition in the energy industry over the last 10-15 years. We’ve seen more sustainability and more green energy, and so our products need to change with that market. That doesn’t mean we’re neglecting our current customers or the industry we’ve been serving for over 100 years, but we do have to address the changes we see in the energy industry. Our new name is Ebara Elliott Energy Co., with a specific focus on the energy market and not just on products.”

TURBO: What are the biggest challenges facing the industry?

“Everybody’s talking about decarbonization of the industry, so we’re looking at hydrogen and CO

. These are very new products that need to be developed—they currently don’t exist or are not as optimal as they should be. To meet these drastic market changes, we must develop new products and it’s not just the products, but the entire organization. As our customers change toward decarbonization and sustainability, we must change with them.”

Dr. Klaus Brun of Ebara Elliott addresses the company’s rebranding, prominent industry challenges, and upcoming products for sustainability and green energy at TPS 2024. 

Ebara Elliott Discusses Rebrand, Upcoming Projects for Industry Challenges

Videos

At TPS 2024, Klaus Brun of Ebara Elliott addresses the company’s rebranding, prominent industry challenges, and upcoming products for sustainability and green energy. 

Ebara Elliott Discusses Rebrand, Upcoming Products for Industry Challenges

’s July/August 2024 tackles turbines from sea and sky to offshore, land, and hydropower-based applications, including industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines, steam, and hydro turbines. 

Along with our bi-monthly industry news, which includes a tribute to a gas turbine legend Ivan Rice, this issue kicks off with 

From Sea to Sky: Turbomachinery in Military and Commercial Applications

, a look at gas turbines and compressors in the military, including aero and naval, and commercial and offshore applications as well as upkeep and repair considerations.

Our annual gas turbine sales report segments industrial and aeroderivative turbine sales and looks at the impact of disruptive factors, such as international conflicts, and AI data centers.

The summer issue also dives into hydro and steam turbines. In 

A History of Turbomachinery and Hydropower

, readers get a fact-filled introduction to hydropower generation in the Ontario area and insights GE Vernova’s Head of Hydro Power Engineering on how hydropower plants use complex hydro turbines and other rotating machines to electrify regions worldwide. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries lays out several case studies on how implementing phased array ultrasonic testing in steam turbine inspection and maintenance is an evolution from traditional maintenance that can ensure efficiency and reliability.

In May, Joseph Bonafin, Sales and Business Development Manager at Turboden, came on the 

 to talk about turbomachinery at geothermal power plants. Our Q&A features part of our conversation with Turboden, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Group, and its insights into geothermal power generation, how these plants are designed, recent advancements, and how geothermal can help decarbonize the energy landscape.

Shell provides a step-by-step guide to prevent varnish formations in turbine lubrication systems, primarily focused on reducing the chance of varnish before it takes hold. And Regal Rexnord, our Vendor Spotlight, shares its portfolio of diaphragms, disc couplings, and more.

This issue’s Turbo Tips offers a series of guidelines and technical notes on steam turbine control systems throughout each phase: start-up, shutdown, and parallel operation while the Myth Busters dispel the mystery surrounding supercritical CO

Click here to view the July/August 2024 issue

The July/August 2024 issue offers comprehensive coverage on industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines, steam, and hydro turbines. 

Turbomachinery International: July/August 2024

As Turbo Expo 2024 in London, held June 24 – 28, nears, we’re revisiting insights from

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)

 spoke with Dr. Nate Weiland, senior fellow at NETL, at Turbo Expo 2023 in Boston about how the government supports turbomachinery operators in their journey to net zero, emphasizing reducing emissions leaks at pressure stations and beyond. Regulation supports lower-carbon hydrogen sourcing and production and has added hub programs to demonstrate carbon-capture technologies.

Q: What are some strategies that turbomachinery operators in the United States can implement to beat emissions?

A topic of strong emphasis in the current administration is reducing natural gas emissions in infrastructure—how can you prevent leakage at pressure stations? 

How can you prevent leakage at pneumatically operated valves along the length of the compressor?

 There are technologies for loss- or leak-free valving and ways to improve compressors leakage at stations, and these are ways to reduce the carbon intensity of gas operations.

In the hydrogen space, Inflation Reduction Act tax incentives are based on the carbon intensity of the hydrogen produced. There are now incentives to source lower carbon-intensity natural gas that can be turned into blue hydrogen or clean hydrogen. There’s a lot of opportunity now to do waste-heat recovery on natural gas compressor stations. One of the areas we’ve been researching is adding supercritical CO

 power cycles to the back end of turbines that are driving compressors. sCO

 power cycles help to recover heat from compressor stations, and generated electricity can be used in multiple ways, such as input on the grid or powering electric-driven compressors.

Q: What trends are you seeing in carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies in the United States?

 are becoming relatively mature, but things are now heading into the demonstration phase. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law has a number of hub programs to demonstrate these CCS technologies. There are demonstrations for carbon capture on coal plants, natural gas plants, and industrial plants over the next 5 - 10 years. Also, there are Bipartisan Infrastructure Law programs for developing carbon infrastructure around those systems, such as CO

 injection wells, and monitoring and verifying carbon storage.

Likewise, hydrogen hubs are trying to produce low-cost, low-carbon-intensity hydrogen. This requires carbon capture on hydrogen production plants from natural gas. The Inflation Reduction Act also expanded the 45Q Tax Credit so that as you’re storing CO

 you can capture some tax benefits that greatly improve the economic viability of the plant. There is still some R&D work going on—new solvents, sorbents, and other ways of capture. Nowadays, R&D is shifting toward industries such as steel, cement, glass, and chemical manufacturing.

Turbomachinery operators can prevent leakage at pressure stations and pneumatically operated valves along the length of the compressor by using leak- or loss-free technologies, says NETL.

Highlights from Turbo Expo 2023: NETL Talks Federal Support for Net-Zero Emissions

 spoke with Dr. Nate Weiland, senior fellow at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), about the lab's work on the hydrogen value chain, including hydrogen blending, storage, hydrogen carriers such as ammonia, and more.

Q: What are the most recent, noteworthy developments at the NETL?

 We’re doing a lot of work on multiple segments across the hydrogen value chain, including low-carbon hydrogen production via gasification, natural gas reforming, and solid oxide electrolysis. We’re also looking at hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure: Can you blend it into the natural gas pipeline? What are some sensors needed for hydrogen detection? In a large-scale hydrogen economy, you’ll need large-scale hydrogen storage, so we’re looking at underground storage in salt reservoirs, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, hard rock caverns, and more. There’s a lot of complicating factors such as microbes under the surface, some of which might convert your hydrogen back into natural gas. Finally, on the end-use side, we’re looking at the usage of hydrogen in power generation—

can you burn hydrogen in a gas turbine? We’re also looking at hydrogen carriers such as ammonia

—can you burn that in a gas turbine or other engine?

Q: In addition to hydrogen research, what are some other focus areas for NETL?

We are a government-owned, government-operated national laboratory, so we have in-house R&D as well as program management functions. On the research side, we’re working on gas-turbine combustion with hydrogen and ammonia, rotating detonation engine combustion, aerothermal cooling, and supercritical CO

 power cycles. On the project management side, folks take a look at projects doing hydrogen combustion in gas turbines at various scales, particularly in aeroderivative and large-frame turbines. From an OEM and international perspective in the gas turbine community, we also look at areas that may require funding for further research in the future.

With Turbo Expo 2024 in London, held June 24 – 28, on the horizon, we’re looking back at insights from our interview with NETL at last year’s meeting.

A Lookback at Turbo Expo 2023: NETL Works on Hydrogen Value Chain

’s May/June 2024 includes a collection of the industry’s latest news and products, show coverage from CERAWeek and WTUI, and several feature articles focusing on carbon emissions.

Carbon Capture and Storage is on the Rise

, tracks the growth of carbon capture and storage facilities (CCS)—both in development and in the pipeline—on a global scale. The authors highlight countries leading the way for carbon-capture development, a rise in networks and hubs, and a spotlight on project financing and investment in developing economies that are needed to advance CCS deployment through 2030 and beyond.

The tour of GE Vernova’s Gas Turbine Manufacturing Facility in Greenville, SC led the team through numerous innovative spaces, including the manufacturing shop floor, Test Stand 7, a gas turbine outage simulator, and the combustion testing lab and control center. Gas turbine development, testing, and assembly are united by a single “lean” methodology to eliminate waste across the board—now a primary focus of GE Vernova as a standalone company.

: Technological Efforts to Reduce Carbon Emissions

, outlines a series of modified processes and technologies to reduce carbon emissions. Dry gas seal upgrades from John Crane, a heat pump installation from MTU Maintenance Hannover, and Siemens Energy’s Predictive Emissions Monitoring System are examples of various ways to approach CO

James Nyenhuis, Performance Consultant at Emerson’s Power and Water Solutions Business,

 speaks about how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) will become an inherent part of the current digital ecosystem. Further, digital tools can extend a turbomachine’s life, increase plant safety, and optimize operational efficiency. The aggregation and interpretation of larger power plant data sets is the next step for Emerson’s AI and ML.

Drew Robb traveled to Palm Springs, CA for the annual Western Turbine Users Inc. (WTUI) conference, which offered breakout sessions on maintenance and repair for GE Vernova’s LM-series gas turbines. The technical tracks covered the basics of heat recovery steam generator maintenance, dry low emissions controls, excitation controls, and more for each model in the LM portfolio.

S&P Global’s CERAWeek conference in Houston addressed multiple factors impacting the energy transition: markets, climate, technology, and geopolitics. In addition to the DOE’s LNG permitting pause, the effect of AI data centers on the power grid became an unexpected discussion. These centers demanded significant (and unplanned) electricity from the network, putting utilities in a scramble for additional generation.

Our Turbo Tips column details how root-cause analysis (RCA) plays an important role in the reliability, maintenance, operation, and performance of a turbomachine. RCA can identify the core reasons behind faults and failures, allowing operators to establish corrective actions to prevent issues from reoccurring.

And Myth Busters Klaus Brun and Rainer Kurz explain the purpose of turbomachinery coatings and outline forces that may cause them to fail. The duo clarifies that despite a coating’s protective qualities, it will deteriorate over time with exposure to mechanical surface wear, pitting, thermal and chemical blistering, and more.

Click here to view the May/June 2024 issue.

The May/June 2024 issue features coverage of the growing carbon-capture industry, a tour of GE Vernova’s Facility in South Carolina, a Q&A on digital ecosystems with Emerson, and more.

Turbomachinery International: May/June 2024

March/April 2024 features a collection of the industry’s latest news and products, meeting coverage, and several feature articles on a range of topics.

Methane: How the Oil & Gas Industry is Cleaning up Emissions

, dives into the numerous technologies being deployed to abate methane emissions, including the latest updates from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), a deep dive into smart technologies such as Teledyne FLIR optical gas imaging cameras, a look at Chevon’s site design in Colorado, insights from Duke Energy’s Integrated Methane-Monitoring Platform, and much more. 

, reports on the Baker Hughes Annual Meeting (AM), in which the industry voiced its views on LNG updates, carbon capture, the journey to net zero, and more. A series of turbomachinery orders and plans from QatarEnergy LNG to expand its natural gas were also presented at the AM.

An interview with Jeffrey Goldmeer, Global Hydrogen Value Chain Leader at GE Vernova, lays out GE Vernova’s current decarbonization efforts and offers a snapshot of what’s happening in terms of technology, infrastructure, and lower carbon fuels.

Our Q&A with Rolls-Royce gives an inside look into the company’s journey in developing its micro-reactor technology and nuclear energy for space and terrestrial applications. James Montgomery and John Mason of Rolls-Royce differentiate between micro-reactors and SMRs, explain the design and advantages of micro-reactors, and discuss the future of nuclear fuel for sustainable generation.

Centrifugal Compressors: The ‘Business End’ of Many Critical Industries

, Anthony Brough P.E. and Tony Ruegger provide a comprehensive overview of centrifugal compressor types, applications, OEMs, and market reports. The centrifugal compressors market is served by over 20 OEMs globally, according to the authors, producing over 2,000 units per year. In 2022, the value of this market (not including related aftermarket repairs) was approximately US$3.4 billion. Dora Partners & Company projects 2023 will have resulted in orders of approximately US$3.6 billion.

Amins Almasi’s Turbo Tips column offers a series of notes, guidelines, and potential challenges one may encounter in modern gas turbines. The challenges include material durability in high-temperature operation and the limiting factors of blade-tip speed. These challenges can be managed with internal air systems, tip shrouds, and proper clearance gaps. A case study for a 15 MW twin-shaft gas turbine demonstrated these concepts, as the turbine used a tip shroud and guide vanes to produce variable speeds from 5,600 – 10,000 rpm.

And Myth Busters Klaus Brun and Rainer Kurz address a myth about the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to replace engineers in turbomachinery. The duo points out several shortcomings in the technology, such as the occasional mismatch between CFD and test data results and difficulty adjusting to customized machinery. Engineers must be relied upon to interpret CFD data and adjust the parameters of its operation, ensuring the technology’s accuracy manually.

Click here to view the March/April 2024 issue

The March/April 2024 issue features insight into how the oil and gas industry is reducing methane emissions, a micro-reactor Q&A with Rolls-Royce, a discussion with GE Vernova on decarbonization, and more.

Turbomachinery International: March/April 2024

Accurately capturing the characteristics of fluid flow through a compressor or another turbomachine is critical to understanding its performance under different operating conditions. Many analysis tools are used by engineers to predict the behavior of gases and liquids to find the best design for their needs, including analytical methods, empirical correlations, physical experiment, and 

. Most engineers are familiar with and use analytical/empirical analyses and experimental setups when evaluating potential designs. Increasingly, more organizations are moving to accelerate their design processes by also incorporating CFD simulations.

Engineers use CFD in their design process by starting with mechanical computer-aided design (MCAD) models as a foundation. On these models, they construct 2D meshes that adhere to and resolve the model geometry to the level of fidelity required for the numerical simulation. A mesh is then constructed in the 3D volumetric space in which the fluid flow analyses need to be conducted. This 3D space can be internal flow, external flow, or a combination of both depending on the configuration. The topology used to define both the surface and volume mesh regions can vary depending on the type of fluid flow phenomena being studied. Different topologies can provide flow alignment or control over mesh resolution, which can be beneficial for increased accuracy in the simulation. These meshes are fed into CFD solver programs, which solve complex sets of partial differential equations to compute velocity, temperature, pressure, entropy, etc., for the entire flow field as defined by the mesh. With the use of high-speed supercomputers, which are often required for complex configurations, these solutions can be obtained quickly and with a high level of accuracy for challenging physical phenomena. Initial computational results are normally validated against experimental data. The final data sets from these simulations are later compared against existing experimental data from full configuration testing and against any analytical/ empirical calculations that were made.

Used in this way, CFD accelerates existing design processes as it enables the exploration of design spaces in ways and to an extent that would be cost-prohibitive, if not technically infeasible, using experiment alone.

Q: How does CFD software impact the turbomachinery industry? 

 CFD is an efficient way to use resources when doing fluid analysis because an operator doesn’t have to rely on the eight-hour workday to limit how much the analysis can progress. With CFD software, a simulation can run overnight. You press the button, go home, and come back the next morning with the job done. With scalable tools such as CFD software, the investment costs for enhancing workflow are the number of machines running.

 For turbomachinery design workflows, there are a wide range of computing platforms available that give companies flexibility to approach these challenges in a way that best suits the scalability they need for their design processes.

Q: How can CFD be used in the context of real-world design scenarios?

 Because of the scalability factor of CFD, a team can quickly review different designs and verify that its conclusions are correct. Everyone has access to a central processing unit, graphics processing unit, and the cloud, which means CFD is quite accessible to designers.

 CFD data can complement the work that designers are doing from an experimental point of view. For instance, it can be challenging to capture factors such as cavitation, fatigue, and other stressors that can occur. In an experimental rig, data will only come from where sensors are placed. With CFD, when you run a simulation, you’re getting the entire flow field. That allows you to rapidly identify where you might have some inefficiencies or where a failure could take place that you may not capture in an experimental setup. Here, engineers will get a more immediate idea of what the final design should look like.

Q: How can CFD help gas turbines curtail emissions and meet regulatory requirements?

In the turbomachinery industry, designers must be able to explore large design spaces and revolutionary new ideas to meet emissions standards. For conventional designs, with natural gas, for example, the objective is to make the system as fuel-efficient as possible. However, alternative methods are also being explored to find solutions. We have seen designers looking at alternative fuels, and as soon as you start going down that pathway, that presents an even larger design set that needs to be evaluated. Rapid turnaround times and artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) are tools that can assist in this process. One solution is how we use 3D designs to provide a streamlined turbomachinery design experience using ML methods.

Q: When it comes to working fluids in turbomachinery, how can CFD help address the major issues our industry is facing?

 Sustainability and decarbonization are and will remain two of the most abundantly discussed topics of interest in the future of energy. As it relates to a gas turbine power plant, improving operational efficiency is frequently underscored as the way forward in these ambitions. CFD simulations can be used to explore and optimize operational efficiency for multiple components in these systems and are an ideal way to navigate these challenges going forward.

TurboTime Podcast with Cadence Design Systems. 

Jean-Charles Bonaccorsi and Carolyn Woeber, Joint Application Engineering
Directors at Cadence Design Systems, discuss the role of computational fluid
dynamics in the design lifecycle, turbomachinery emissions, decarbonization,
and more.

A Q&A: How Computational Fluid Dynamics Benefit Turbomachinery 

In part two of this episode on digital twins, Myth Busters Klaus Brun and Rainer Kurz expand on the applications of a digital twin, its advantages and limitations, and the integration of AI in the platform.

Rainer Kurz highlighted a best-use scenario for digital twin technology: “If you have large fleets of reasonably similar machines, it’s much easier to set up a system of digital twins for condition-based maintenance where you get constant data flow and are able to advise the users on maintenance decisions. It’s actually a very powerful tool.” 

Brun added his thoughts on modern digital twin integration: “The combination of a digital twin with other technologies such as fleet monitoring, forecasting, and condition-based monitoring provides an opportunity to improve the operation of the machine.”

Brun said he’s seen promising work being done with AI. “I recently read a doctoral dissertation from a university in Europe, which was interesting because AI was able to parse the data and come up with some intelligent forecasting of failures and at least, theoretically, improved the availability of the machine,” he said. “Learning algorithms have been around for about 30 years or so, but they’ve really only gotten good in the last five years. Now we’re starting to see AI make inroads into more complex things like compressors, gas turbines, steam turbines, plants, etc. I have no doubt that we’ll see more of this and better AI, but at this point in time it doesn’t replace any operator and it’s in its infancy.”

Kurz continued the discussion on AI applications: “One of the big promises of AI is guiding an operator through the system he’s operating. For example, helping the right warnings to show up at the correct time and giving him the right information. There is not AI that simulates complex systems, it simply augments the capability of the human to help make decisions.”

Podcasts

In part two of this two-part episode, Myth Busters Klaus Brun and Rainer Kurz cover the applications of digital twin technology, its advantages and limitations, and pairing it with AI.